The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emerge Literature review

The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emerge Literature review The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emergence Species, Threats Posed by the Expansion of the Acacia Vegetation â€" Literature review Example > The paper “ The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emergence Species, Threats Posed by the Expansion of the Acacia Vegetation” is a delightful example of a literature review on environmental studies. Climate change and human activities continue to have an immeasurable impact on the natural vegetation cover in the different parts of the world. The introduction of new crop species and economic-focused agriculture has particularly had a great impact on the Australian vegetation and ecosystem. Such activities pose an unfathomable threat to the natural ecosystems especially the extinction of some indigenous plant species. Vegetation clearance for commercial agriculture can be associated with increasing desertification in not only Australia but also other parts of the world. Agroforestry has emerged as a solution to the need to increase vegetation cover amidst the growing demand for farming land. The concept of agroforestry focuses on mitigating the impact o f vegetation clearance associated with economic farming on climate change. Agroforestry provides options for minimizing the impact of rapidly expanding agricultural systems that not only threaten the existence of the natural vegetation but also climate change (Lefroy Stirzaker, 1999). As such, the agroforestry practice enhances the adaptability and sustainability of agricultural systems. However, the continued expansion of such agricultural systems poses other environmental challenges such as increased soil salinity and the overall sustainability of the Australian environment. Soil salinity forms one of the environmental stress factors which impact negatively on productivity and growth of plants (Australian Government, 2013). According to Thrail, Bever, and Slattery (2008), the continued clearance of deep-rooted perennial plants in Australia has contributed to the increase in dryland salinity, a phenomenon that threatens growth and productivity of other plant species in such areas . This paper explores the adaptability of different Acacia plant species to environmental stress factors such as soil salinity as one of the critical steps in future re-vegetation efforts in South Australia. This would be critical in addressing problems arising from the growing introduction of water-use efficiency plants and the need to ensure expansion and the long-term sustainability of the agriculture industry in Australia. Similar to other plant species, the growth of different acacia species is influenced by several environmental factors such as soil salinity levels, soil Ph, water availability, and soil toxicity. According to Ramoliya and Pandey (2002), previous studies on the adaptability of the different acacia plant species have demonstrated variations in the abundance and diversity of some species in relation to the soil chemistry and other physical environmental factors. The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity On Acacia Seedling Emergence SpeciesPrevious studies ha ve shown that salinity as an environmental stress factor affects seedling emergence, growth and the survival of the acacia plant. In this case, different acacia plant species have shown diverse seedling emergence, growth, and survival in different soil salinity levels. In a study aimed at investigating the effects of different salinity levels on the seedling emergence of Acacia nilotica species, results revealed a lack of seed emergence in soil with salinity levels above 12.2 ds m-1 (Ramoliya Pandey, 2002). According to Ramoliya and Pandey (2002), further studies have shown a clear association between high soil salinity and retardation of germination and growth of the seedling. At the same time, different plant species have shown variations in their tolerance to salinity levels hence the need to investigate the variations in salts tolerance among the various acacia. Understanding of the salinity tolerance for different acacia plant species emerges as a crucial step in the screeni ng of acacia species for re-vegetation of south-west Australia as well as other areas that continue to face the threat of desertification (Thrall, Bever Slattery, 2008). ReferencesAustralian Government. (2013). Our natural environment.Retrieved fromhttp://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/our-natural-environmentBui, E., Thornhill, A Miller T. (2014). Salt-and alkaline â€"tolerance are linked in Acacia. Biology Letter., 10. Retrieved fromhttp://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiolett/10/7/20140278.full.pdfChapin, F., Sala, O Huber-Sannwald, E. (2001). Global biodiversity in a changing environment: Scenarios for the 21st Century. London: Springer Science Business Media.Craig, G., Bell, DT Atkins, CA. (1990).Response to salt and waterlogging stress of ten taxa of Acacia selected from natural saline areas of Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 36(6), 619-630.Dell, B., Xu, D Thu, P. (n.d). Managing threats to the health of tree plantations in Asia. Su stainable Ecosystems Research Institute. Retrieved fromhttp://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/35407.pdfLefroy, E Stirzaker, R. (1999). Agroforestry for water management in the cropping zone of southern Australia. Agroforestry Systems 45, 277-302.McCarthy, P., Wilson, A., Orchard, A George, A. (2001). Flora of Australia. Volume 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia, part 1. New Jersey: CSIRO. Nuberg, I., George, B Reid, R. (2009). Agroforestry for natural resource management. London: Csiro publishing. Ramoliya, P Pandey, A. (2002). Effect of salinization of soil on emergence, growth, and survival of seedlings of Acacia nilotica. Botanica Complutensis, 26, 105-119.Thrall, P., Bever, J Slattery, J. (2008). Rhizobial mediation of Acacia adaptation to soil salinity: Evidence of underlying trade-offs and tests of expected patterns. Journal of Ecology, 96, 746-755. The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emerge Literature review The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emergence Species, Threats Posed by the Expansion of the Acacia Vegetation â€" Literature review Example > The paper “ The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity on Acacia Seedling Emergence Species, Threats Posed by the Expansion of the Acacia Vegetation” is a delightful example of a literature review on environmental studies. Climate change and human activities continue to have an immeasurable impact on the natural vegetation cover in the different parts of the world. The introduction of new crop species and economic-focused agriculture has particularly had a great impact on the Australian vegetation and ecosystem. Such activities pose an unfathomable threat to the natural ecosystems especially the extinction of some indigenous plant species. Vegetation clearance for commercial agriculture can be associated with increasing desertification in not only Australia but also other parts of the world. Agroforestry has emerged as a solution to the need to increase vegetation cover amidst the growing demand for farming land. The concept of agroforestry focuses on mitigating the impact o f vegetation clearance associated with economic farming on climate change. Agroforestry provides options for minimizing the impact of rapidly expanding agricultural systems that not only threaten the existence of the natural vegetation but also climate change (Lefroy Stirzaker, 1999). As such, the agroforestry practice enhances the adaptability and sustainability of agricultural systems. However, the continued expansion of such agricultural systems poses other environmental challenges such as increased soil salinity and the overall sustainability of the Australian environment. Soil salinity forms one of the environmental stress factors which impact negatively on productivity and growth of plants (Australian Government, 2013). According to Thrail, Bever, and Slattery (2008), the continued clearance of deep-rooted perennial plants in Australia has contributed to the increase in dryland salinity, a phenomenon that threatens growth and productivity of other plant species in such areas . This paper explores the adaptability of different Acacia plant species to environmental stress factors such as soil salinity as one of the critical steps in future re-vegetation efforts in South Australia. This would be critical in addressing problems arising from the growing introduction of water-use efficiency plants and the need to ensure expansion and the long-term sustainability of the agriculture industry in Australia. Similar to other plant species, the growth of different acacia species is influenced by several environmental factors such as soil salinity levels, soil Ph, water availability, and soil toxicity. According to Ramoliya and Pandey (2002), previous studies on the adaptability of the different acacia plant species have demonstrated variations in the abundance and diversity of some species in relation to the soil chemistry and other physical environmental factors. The Effects of Environmental Stress Salinity On Acacia Seedling Emergence SpeciesPrevious studies ha ve shown that salinity as an environmental stress factor affects seedling emergence, growth and the survival of the acacia plant. In this case, different acacia plant species have shown diverse seedling emergence, growth, and survival in different soil salinity levels. In a study aimed at investigating the effects of different salinity levels on the seedling emergence of Acacia nilotica species, results revealed a lack of seed emergence in soil with salinity levels above 12.2 ds m-1 (Ramoliya Pandey, 2002). According to Ramoliya and Pandey (2002), further studies have shown a clear association between high soil salinity and retardation of germination and growth of the seedling. At the same time, different plant species have shown variations in their tolerance to salinity levels hence the need to investigate the variations in salts tolerance among the various acacia. Understanding of the salinity tolerance for different acacia plant species emerges as a crucial step in the screeni ng of acacia species for re-vegetation of south-west Australia as well as other areas that continue to face the threat of desertification (Thrall, Bever Slattery, 2008). ReferencesAustralian Government. (2013). Our natural environment.Retrieved fromhttp://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/our-natural-environmentBui, E., Thornhill, A Miller T. (2014). Salt-and alkaline â€"tolerance are linked in Acacia. Biology Letter., 10. Retrieved fromhttp://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiolett/10/7/20140278.full.pdfChapin, F., Sala, O Huber-Sannwald, E. (2001). Global biodiversity in a changing environment: Scenarios for the 21st Century. London: Springer Science Business Media.Craig, G., Bell, DT Atkins, CA. (1990).Response to salt and waterlogging stress of ten taxa of Acacia selected from natural saline areas of Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 36(6), 619-630.Dell, B., Xu, D Thu, P. (n.d). Managing threats to the health of tree plantations in Asia. Su stainable Ecosystems Research Institute. Retrieved fromhttp://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/35407.pdfLefroy, E Stirzaker, R. (1999). Agroforestry for water management in the cropping zone of southern Australia. Agroforestry Systems 45, 277-302.McCarthy, P., Wilson, A., Orchard, A George, A. (2001). Flora of Australia. Volume 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia, part 1. New Jersey: CSIRO. Nuberg, I., George, B Reid, R. (2009). Agroforestry for natural resource management. London: Csiro publishing. Ramoliya, P Pandey, A. (2002). Effect of salinization of soil on emergence, growth, and survival of seedlings of Acacia nilotica. Botanica Complutensis, 26, 105-119.Thrall, P., Bever, J Slattery, J. (2008). Rhizobial mediation of Acacia adaptation to soil salinity: Evidence of underlying trade-offs and tests of expected patterns. Journal of Ecology, 96, 746-755.

Racism in football Free Essay Example, 1000 words

According to Serge Branco who is a black player from the Republic of Cameroon, he hears racist insults against black payers each time he plays in St. Petersburg and that during most these incidents, the people who are running the club did do anything to stop the crowd from making such racist comments (Will Stewart, 3 May 2008). Incidents like this make people wonder if some of the well known football clubs are racist too. Branco pointed out that the fact that the management of the club did not do anything to stop the people from making comments against him because he is black made him suspect that the club management itself have bias against the color of his skin (Will Stewart, 3 May 2008). Many black football players suffered personal insults due to the color of their skin. Samuel Eto’o who is originally from the Republic of Cameroon in Africa has suffered more than his share of racism in the football field. When he played for the Spanish La Liga Club FC Barcelona in 2005, h e suffered from racial taunts from some Real Zaragoza spectators. We will write a custom essay sample on Racism in football or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In a separate interview, Eto’o commented that he does not like to take his children to football matches because of the racial slurs that people often make during these matches (www. bbc. co. uk, 4 April 2007). This really sad considering how much his children would love to see their father play football. To fight off racial discrimination during football matches, Eto’o suggested that players who feel that they have been discriminated against by fans should walk out from the game (www. bbc. co. uk, 7 May 2007). Of course this suggestion is easier said than done. Players who want their teams to win would certainly want to hang around and continue playing despite taunting for the crowds. Another black player who is often a subject of racist comments during football a match is Ghana-born German Gerald Asamoah. The most recent racist attack against Asamoah came from the Borussia Dorthmund goalkeeper Roman Weiderfeller. During a football match, Weidenfeller allegedly called Asamoah a â€Å"black pig†(www. bbc. co. uk, 19 August 2007).

Corruption and Globalisation Essay - 5195 Words

Corruption and Globalisation - Both of them have been so pervasive in recent years. According to a BBC survey, corruption ranked as the second biggest problem people concern in the world and globalisation ranked first. Are there any links between the two? To what extend they are related to each other? And what effect do they have? 1. Introduction Both globalisation and corruption are the words that have been used frequently in public debates all over the world in the last few years, and they are both complex concept. Globalisation is relatively new while corruption is an old one. Whether there may be any links between the two phenomena? And to what extend they are related? This essay will attempt to explore the relationship†¦show more content†¦The publications regarding the problems of corruption by those organizations have increased the awareness of the costs to the world of this problem. 2. Corruption and Globalisation Corruption has been around for a very long time. From ancient China to United States, from old Greece to modern Japan, it is hard to find an era in the human history where corruption doesn ´t exist. We are now at the time of very intense globalisation. International companies have much greater opportunities to trade and to invest than ever before. Countries are becoming more and more interdependent to each other. Communications are more efficient and information flow quicker. Globalisation can produce benefits, it can also bring risks. For example, the benefits may not be evenly distributed and therefore rich people become richer, poor people become poorer. It has been an increasingly serious question about the means of monitoring and regulating the way international firms conducting their businesses. While multinational corporations operating in emerging market countries, they will sometimes have to make a choice: they can act as good citizens, moral business that contribute to the country ¡Ã‚ ¯s economic growth and raise business standards in a long-term perspective, as well as help increase the local employment and economic; or, they may only focus on maximization of their profit alone in the short term, butShow MoreRelatedExamine the Effects of Globalisation on China1208 Words   |  5 PagesExamine the effects of globalisation on China The process of globalisation in China has been a rapid one. China’s exponential growth since the fall of Mao has lead to increased international influence – with China now operating on an international scale. Economically globalisation began in 1978 following Deng Xiaoping’s Open Door policy. This opened up China to foreign investment and the international markets. 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Emotional Marketing Necessity of Today’s Marketing Management Free Essays

The purpose of this paper is to write an analysis of an article that discusses an aspect of marketing management. During my research I was attracted to an article by James Cooper Titled, ‘Emotional Marketing as the Basis of Your Promotions’; after reading Coopers article I found Emotional Marketing to be interesting, but his article did not provide enough data to satisfy my interest in Emotional Marketing . So, rather than write about a single article, I have chosen to write about the topic of Emotional Marketing and its necessity in today’s Marketing Management. We will write a custom essay sample on Emotional Marketing: Necessity of Today’s Marketing Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marketing mangers must understand that if the consumers’ emotions are addressed in the right way they could get more loyal customers. This has unlashed the approach to marketing which was termed as â€Å"Emotional Marketing† (Drypen). Cooper points out that, â€Å"Marketing to today’s consumers is a challenging business because you are no longer listing the specifications of products and services. Instead you are meeting people on an emotional level to break into their consumer awareness†. As part of a company’s marketing strategy producers need to realize that there is a strong emotional connect between consumers / customers and the products they use. Brands that don’t make emotional connections with their prospects and customers will eventually lose out to those that do. The practice of emotional marketing as it relates to value proposition is all about getting your target audience to connect with your product, service, and brand at a very basic and fundamental level – the level of emotions. When building customer value, emotional marketing can be used in influencing customer perceived value and total customer benefit. Some examples of firms that are successful in this application can be seen with top brands such as Starbucks, Porsche, and so on. These products and services make an emotional connection with the people they serve. They have met the challenge of identifying how its products/services can connect emotionally. They have explored what type of experience their product can offer its customers and the perceived value to customer above the firm’s competitors. Emotional marketing can only take place once the company delivers a user experience that represents its purpose. Once the company is able to deliver on that promise, it can market the experience to consumer prospects. Companies must leverage: customer testimonials, word-of-mouth, discussion forums, and trials (marketingscoop). Ideally the company wants its products or services to deliver an experience, and gets prospects to participate along with having the experience themselves. Emotional marketing is a powerful strategy if you can deliver a strong customer experience, thus, leveraging the experience to maximize customer satisfaction in the long run. On the other hand, there are the companies that use emotional marketing when customers are having a not so positive customer experience. These companies take advantage during times of crisis and turmoil. An example of this is appealing to the public during an epidemic or natural disaster and offering short term solutions. Many times the products or services offered are not even effective, nor do they provide the experience the customer desires. Furthermore, the customers’ negative experience is just the opportunity that some companies are looking for to capitalize on short run profit maximization. Leveraging emotional marketing can help in evaluating and selecting market segments to exploit. If and when the marketing/promotion appeals to the emotional aspects of customers the companies, in some cases, can move toward targeting a ‘supersegment’. For example, many symphony orchestras target people who have broad cultural interests, rather than those who only regularly attend concerts (Kotler Keller pg 229). The product appeal is more toward a cultural or emotion interest rather than that of a physiological need. Emotion acts as a catalyst in the engine of the purchase decision process. Through experience and learning, people acquire attitudes. These in turn influence buying behavior (Kotler Keller, pg 170). This is important since favorable and unfavorable experiences trigger emotional feeling toward a product or service being marketed. Cooper’s article, â€Å"Emotional Marketing as the Basis of Your Promotions† only touched on promotion of the product as it appeals to emotional marketing. After further research I found that emotional marketing throughout the marketing process is important in its application to: marketing strategy, customer value, target markets, brands, market segment, customer satisfaction and purchasing decisions. In conclusion, marketing managers must understand that costumers get attracted to products which effect there feelings. Companies which want to stand above the competition have to leverage emotional marketing so as to increase market share. Effective development in emotional marketing can shift a marketing challenger or market follower to position of market leader. Thus, making emotional marketing a necessity of today’s marketing management. References Cooper, J. , (Feb. 2008) Emotional Marketing As The Basis Of Your Promotions , Written for Marketinglinx. com, retrevied from the World Wide Web on 14 May 2009 at http://www. articlesbase. com/marketing-articles/emotional-marketing-as-the-basis-of-your-promotions-325335. tml Kotler, P. , Keller, K. ,(2006), Marketing Management 13th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Drypen, (Nov. 2008),Emotional Marketing – to Play the Emotional Tune is the Necessity of Today’s Marketing, written for Drypen. com, retrevied from the World Wide Web on 14 May 2009 at http://www. articlesbase. com/authors/drypen/73887. htm Unknown, (2009), Making an Emotional Connection with Your Customers, written for marketingscoop. com, retrevied from the World Wide Web on 14 May 2009 at http://www. marketingscoop. com/emotional-marketing. htm How to cite Emotional Marketing: Necessity of Today’s Marketing Management, Essays

The Ethiopian History

Introduction Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries on global scene with rich history that remains untold. This research paper examines the historical background of Ethiopia in terms of its political setting, economic, and cultural backgrounds. In addition, the paper seeks to examine and review the contemporary issues defining its current position relative to other African states.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Ethiopian History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion Location Ethiopia is one of the African countries with oldest history and culture. The country is located in East-Central Africa occupying an area of about 1,127,127 square kilometers. The country borders Kenya on south, Eritrea on north, Sudan on the west, and Somalia and Djibouti on the east (Marcus, 1994). Historical background The country has many detailed backgrounds from political, economic, culture and the social contexts. Indeed, Ethiopia has a fertile history regarding its political life. Its political history stretches into the ancient times with and held high by among African countries in respect of the fight for liberation. According to Zewde (2001), the historical background Ethiopia goes back as far as 6 millions ago. Some scientists perceive the country as the home of the earliest man on earth. The ample evidence retrieved from the foundation of Ardipithecus ramidus shows that country serves to demonstrate this element. However, the present nation is a consolidation of smaller Kingdoms (Adejumobi, 2007). The political history The country has made a big stride in the political lines. The country got its independence in 1896 after a fierce war that defeated the Italian, who had invaded it. The country resisted and defeated the Italians through Emperor Menelik II. After the sad death of Menelik II, many and challenging experiences lead to political disorders, which caused the crowing of his daugh ter and her cousin in 1917. However, after a period of about 15 years the empress died, thus accommodating the cousin to the might emperor. The country under the rule of Haile Selassie outlawed slavery where in efforts endured to show commitments towards redeeming the seemingly scattered population. Not surprisingly, Italy again attacked Ethiopia in 1935 raising hot foot to the emperor forcing him to exile in May 1936. This provided a quality and opportune moment for the Italians, who later began to establish their Kingdom in Ethiopian. Its name became the Italian East Africa. Unfortunately, they were flashed by the strong British troops in 1941. This provided room for the return and rule of Haile Selassie later after the establishment of the British rule (Adejumobi, 2007).Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After the World War II, the Emperor demonstrated many efforts in pursui t to modernize the country. The tremendous growth commenced immediately with first high school and college born in 1950. The country continued with rational thoughts and democratization of the state. In 1955, the country promulgated its new constitution five years after its material independence. The document gave the members of parliament more undeserved powers with a belief that they will dedicate them rationally and equitably to relevant developments of the country. In the view of constantly changing political environment, the emperor formulated strategies to acquire Eritrea through declaring Eritrea as the fourteenth province of Ethiopia. According to Paul B. Henze (qtd. in Pankhurst, 1998), most of the Ethiopians were personality thinkers as contrasted to ideologist, thus they held notions that the emperor was the only icon of change that constituted their think-tank. The country was in cold war as the imperialists were among the primary elites of the growing Ethiopia Marxist m ovement. The country came into fierce battle against poverty and other challenges such as disease and mortality. The government failed to implement significant political and economic reforms, which led to political instability. However, this evidenced a positive step toward a refined country within the confines of politics (Pankhurst, 1998). Economic background Most countries are demonstrating much effort towards attaining sustainable growth in relation to economic growth and development. Ethiopia is among the poorest countries in the world exhibiting a low-level economy. The economic history of the country is unpleasant; in fact, it has inflicted a lot of injustice to her subjects. Although the country is one the oldest in Africa in respect of gaining independence, its economic base does not speak the same language. However, the modern government is fully acquiring innovative budgetary allocations in its wide range of ministries for many years. This aims at dedicating its commitmen t in providing the best services to its populations. The country enjoys rich resource in minerals such as gold, copper, potash, and natural gas. The country has an estimated GDP of US$6 billion annually and per capita income of about US$100 per annum. However, the country ails from chronic trade deficits since the start of 2005. Agriculture remains Ethiopia’s economic backbone due to its good rainfall and terrain.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Ethiopian History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The constantly growing population surpasses the provisions of the available resources, hence creating food insecurity. Retail trade and transportation constitute the second largest earners of income for the economy. The country depends heavily on international donors and grants to finance its budgetary allocations. People and culture According to the census report of 2004, the Ethiopian population was about 70 million with an annual growth rate of about 2.3 percent. The country boasts of 70 different languages spoken as the first languages. A majority of the language groups belongs to the Semitic, Cushitic and omotic families. A small fraction belongs to the Nilo-Saharan family. It is worth noting that the largest Semitic speaking groups are Amhara. However, no religion has a largest share of the population of the country (Marcus, 1994). Conclusion Ethiopia has a great interesting and much uncovered history and culture both in time and space. The country has a unique and exclusive mix of culture compared to other African countries. Although the country has a low GDP, it continues to make improvements in its economy to match the changing times and market dynamics. References Adejumobi, S. (2007). The history of Ethiopia. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. Marcus, H. (1994). A history of Ethiopia. University of California: University of California Press. Pankhurst, R. (1998).Th e Ethiopians. Malden: Blackwell Publishers.Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Zewde, B. A. (2001). History of modern Ethiopia, 1855-1991. New York: James Currey This research paper on The Ethiopian History was written and submitted by user Renata Bridges to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reciprocal and Reflexive Sentences in Spanish

Reciprocal and Reflexive Sentences in Spanish Understanding or translating reflexive or reciprocal sentences in Spanish where there are two or more subjects can be confusing because they can be ambiguous without qualifiers. Learn how these types of sentences are constructed and how to eliminate ambiguity in Spanish using two common phrases. Why There Can Be Ambiguity in Spanish Sentences First, let us define and expand upon what a  reflexive sentence is. The pronoun se is commonly used (although it has many other uses as well) to indicate that a person is performing some type of action on or toward that person. For example, se ve can mean he sees himself and se hablaba can mean she was talking to herself. The confusion with reflexive sentences can come when the subject of such sentences is plural. See, for example, how the following Spanish sentences are ambiguous. Either of the translations given after the Spanish sentence is valid: Se ayudaron. (They helped themselves. They helped each other.)Se golpean. (They are hitting themselves. They are hitting each other.)Pablo y Molly se aman. (Pablo and Molly love themselves. Pablo and Molly love each other.) The same ambiguity can exist in the first and second persons as well: Nos daà ±amos. (We hurt ourselves. We hurt each other.)Nos amamos. (We love ourselves. We love each other.) ¿Os odiis? (Do you hate yourselves? Do you hate each other?) The problem occurs because in Spanish the plural reciprocal pronouns are the same as the reflexive pronouns; they are nos in the first person, os in the second person, and se in the third person. (Note that in Latin America os is seldom used, as se is typically used in both the second- and third-person plurals.) This is in contrast with English where the reflexive pronouns in the plural are ourselves, yourselves, and themselves- but the reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another. How To Clarify When Context Doesn’t Help Most of the time, the context of the sentence will make clear what meaning is intended. If the context does not help, there are two very common phrases that can be used to eliminate the ambiguity. First, the idiom a sà ­ mismos is commonly used to indicate that a reflexive meaning is intended- in other words, that the subjects are acting on themselves rather than each other. For example: Se aman a sà ­ mismos. (They love themselves.)No pueden verse a sà ­ mismos. (They cant see themselves.)Es importante que nos escuchemos a sà ­ mismos. (It is important that we listen to ourselves.) If all the persons involved are female, or if the names of all subjects are grammatically feminine, the feminine form a sà ­ mismas should be used: Cà ³mo se perciben a sà ­ mismas las mujeres con la infertilidad? (How do women with infertility perceive themselves?)Cuà ­dense a sà ­ mismas. (Take care of yourselves.)Estas piernas robà ³ticas son capaces de enseà ±arse a sà ­ mismas a andar. (These robotic legs are capable of teaching themselves to walk.) Second, the phrase el uno al otro, which can be literally translated as one to the other, is the rough equivalent of each other: No debemos hacernos eso el uno al otro. (We shouldnt do that to each other._Se golpean el uno al otro. (They are hitting each other.)El ordenador y el monitor se necesitan el uno al otro. )The computer and the monitor need each other.) ¿Os odiis el uno al otro? (Do you two hate each other?) El uno al otro can also be used in feminine and/or plural variations: Pablo y Molly se aman el uno a la otra. (Pablo and Molly love each other.)Se abrazaban la una a la otra. (The two females hugged each other._No se cuidan los unos a los otros. (They (multiple persons) dont take care of each other.) Key Takeaways Reflexive pronouns are used to indicate that two or more persons or things are acting on themselves, while reciprocal pronouns are used to indicate that two or more persons or things are acting on themselves.Although English has separate reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, in Spanish they are identical.Spanish can use the phrases a sà ­ mismos (or a sà ­ mismas) and el uno al otro (with variations for number and gender) to clarify reflexive and reciprocal verbs, respectively.

What to See in Texas for Architecture Enthusiast

What to See in Texas for Architecture Enthusiast Denison, Texas, on the border with Oklahoma, would have remained a sleepy little railroad town if it hadnt been for Dwight David Eisenhower being born there. The Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site is just one of the many out-of-the-way places to visit in Texas.The home state of former Presidents Bush and Bush (father and son) has a lot more than oil and cattle fields. For travelers who are architecture enthusiasts, heres a selection of historic buildings and innovative new construction in Texas. Visiting Houston The Transco Tower, the 1983 landmark skyscraper designed by Philip Johnson, is now known as the Williams Tower, the tallest skyscraper in town. Another skyscraper designed by Johnson and his partner  John Burgee is the building now known as the Bank of America Center, a 1984 example of playful postmodernism. Houston has historic skyscrapers from the 1920s and a Hilton designed by Pritzker Laureate I.M. Pei. NRG (Reliant) Park, including the Houston Astrodome and Reliant Stadium, is the place to see the worlds first domed sports stadium. Rice University Stadium on the campus of Rice University remains one of the best examples of a modern, open-air football arena. Visiting Dallas – Fort Worth Big D architecture is historic, cultural, and truly an American melting pot experience. The Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge over the Trinity River was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas helped designed a fully adaptable, modern theatre space called the Dee and Charles Wyly Theatre. In 2009 the British architect Sir Norman Foster created a high-tech, traditional venue for the Arts District when he designed the Winspear Opera House. Chinese-American I.M. Pei designed Dallas City Hall. The Perot Museum of Nature and Science was designed by another Pritzker-winner, American architect Thom Mayne.   The George W. Bush Presidential Library was designed by postmodernist architect Robert A.M. Stern. Frank Lloyd Wrights last home constructed before his death was the John A. Gillin House, but that is not Wrights only mark on Dallas - the Kalita Humphreys Theater, also known as the Dallas Theater Center, was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, who reportedly said, This building will one day mark the spot where Dallas once stood. History swirls near Dealey Plaza as the place in Dallas where President John Kennedy was assassinated; Philip Johnson designed the JFK Memorial. Outside activities in Dallas can revolve around the Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas - or any number of activities in the historic art deco buildings at Fair Park. Multi-cultural artist Volf Roitman brought a new style of art to Dallas, an international movement known as MADI (Movement Abstraction Dimension  Invention). Its bold geometric forms are on display at the Museum of Geometric and MADI Art.   The MADI is the only museum dedicated to MADI art and the primary point of focus for the MADI movement in the United  States. Pronounced mah-DEE, MADI is a modern art movement known for bright colors and bold geometric forms. In architecture, sculpture, and painting, MADI art uses abundant circles, waves, spheres, arches, spirals, and stripes. MADI ideas are also expressed in poetry, music, and dance. Playful and exuberant, MADI art focuses on objects rather than what they mean. The whimsical combinations of shapes and colors are abstract and free of symbolic meanings. Bill and Dorothy Masterson, lifelong supporters of the arts, were fascinated when artist Volf Roitman introduced them to the colorful and exuberant MADI movement. The Mastersons became avid collectors of MADI art works and spent time with the movements founder, Carmelo Arden Quin. When Mr. Mastersons law firm moved to a 1970s storefront building, the Mastersons decided to convert the first floor into an art museum and gallery devoted to MADI art. The building faà §ade, designed by Volf Roitman, became a celebration of MADI with geometric forms laser-cut out of galvanized, cold-rolled steel and powder coated in bright colors. The colorful panels are permanently bolted to the existing building. Roitmans convex-concave shapes and playful designs created a luscious, almost baroque skin for the once plain, two-story building. The landscape, furnishings, and lighting also reflect Roitmans MADI-ist ideas. Visiting San Antonio The Alamo. Youve heard the phrase, Remember the Alamo. Now visit the building where the infamous battle took place. The Spanish Mission also helped to give rise to the Mission Style of home design. La Villita Historical District is an original Spanish settlement, bustling with shops and artisan studios. San Antonio Missions. Missions San Jose, San Juan, Espada, and Concepcion were built over the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Spanish Governors Palace. Constructed in 1749, the building was the Governors Place when San Antonio was the capital of Texas. Visiting College Station George Bush Library, Presidential Library of the forty-first President of the United StatesCollege of Architecture, Texas A M UniversityThe Texas AM Bonfire Memorial: A memorial stands where once twelve students lost their lives and many more were injured as they built a Bonfire before a football game. Learn about a tradition gone wrong. Also in Texas You cannot go inside these privately owned homes, but Texas is filled with interesting residences worthy of drive-by photography: Amarillo: Sterling Kinney House by Frank Lloyd WrightBunker Hill: William L. Thaxton Jr. House by Frank Lloyd Wright Plan Your Texas Itinerary For tours of historic Texas architecture, visit the National Register of Historic Places. Youll find maps, photographs, historical information, and travel recommendations. Source Photo of the MADI Museum and Gallery Building at Dusk  © Volf Roitman